Light microscope is an optical instrument that uses optical principles to magnify and image tiny objects that cannot be distinguished by the human eye, so that people can extract microstructure information. The application of electron microscopy technology is based on the basis of optical microscopy. The resolution of the light microscope is 0.2 μm, andContinue reading “Comparison Between Light Microscope & Electron Microscope”
Author Archives: Julissa Green
Challenge in the Next Ten Years – Quantum Computing
For many people, these three things will bring us incredible challenges in the coming years: quantum computing, generalized artificial intelligence, and large-scale space travel will all be there. For now, quantum computing is on the verge of changing the world we live in forever, while the other two things are still in their infancy. InContinue reading “Challenge in the Next Ten Years – Quantum Computing”
Burning Plasma Nuclear Fusion: The Biggest Challenge and the Solution
As the demand for energy continues to increase, more and more greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. Clean energy is more important than ever to ensure our human survival on the planet. To this end, the European Union has set 2050 as the deadline for the complete decarbonization of global energy[1]. However, the roadContinue reading “Burning Plasma Nuclear Fusion: The Biggest Challenge and the Solution”
Evaporation Pellets Used in Thermal Evaporation
Evaporation, or more specifically, Resistance Thermal Evaporation, involves the heating of the evaporation material within a vacuum environment. The materials used in vacuum evaporation are usually made into pellets, so they are also called evaporation pellets. These pellets are heated to a temperature above which the vapor pressure of the material exceeds that of theContinue reading “Evaporation Pellets Used in Thermal Evaporation”
Thermal Evaporation History Part Four
Evaporation or sublimation of compounds can result in extensive molecular disassociation. Some compound materials can be vaporized without significant disassociation. These include many halides, sulfides, and selenides, as well as a few oxides (such as SiO). Many of these compound materials were used in early optical coating “stacks,” and for many years thermal evaporation wasContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part Four”
Thermal Evaporation History Part Three (From Mid 1900s to Late 1900s)
E-beam Evaporation Development In 1949, Pierce described the “long-focus” electron beam gun for melting and evaporation in vacuum. The long focus gun suffers from shorting due to the deposition of evaporated material on the filament insulators that are in line-of-sight of the evaporating material. Deposition rates as high as 50 µm/s have been reported usingContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part Three (From Mid 1900s to Late 1900s)”
Thermal Evaporation History Part Two (From early 1900s to mid 1900s)
In 1912 von Pohl and Pringsheim reported forming films by evaporation materials in a vacuum from a magnesia crucible that was heated by a resistively heated foil surrounding the crucible. They are sometimes credited with the first deposition by thermal evaporation in vacuum. In 1913, Langmuir studied the vaporization rate of materials in vacuum andContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part Two (From early 1900s to mid 1900s)”
Thermal Evaporation History Part One (From late 1800s to early 1900s)
Thermal evaporation or vacuum evaporation is the vaporization of the evaporation material by heating to a certain temperature, so that the vapor pressure becomes appreciable, and the surface or molecules are lost from the surface in the vacuum. Vaporization can come from the surface of a liquid or from the surface of a solid. TheContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part One (From late 1800s to early 1900s)”
Different Sizes and Shapes of Evaporation Materials
In physical vapor deposition coatings, sputtering targets and evaporation materials are two important types of raw materials. We can distinguish between the two materials by name and shape. First, the sputtering target is used for vacuum sputtering, and the evaporation material is used for vacuum evaporation. Secondly, the evaporating material is also called evaporation pelletsContinue reading “Different Sizes and Shapes of Evaporation Materials”
Evaporation Materials for Thin Film Coatings
Vacuum Evaporation is a form of physical vapor deposition (PVD) where material is heated to a high vapor pressure, often in molten state. Then, the vapors are condensed on to a substrate to form a desired thickness of a thin film. The heating is typically accomplished via resistive heating or by E-beam (electron beam). MaterialsContinue reading “Evaporation Materials for Thin Film Coatings”
Vacuum Evaporation Coating 