For many people, these three things will bring us incredible challenges in the coming years: quantum computing, generalized artificial intelligence, and large-scale space travel will all be there. For now, quantum computing is on the verge of changing the world we live in forever, while the other two things are still in their infancy. InContinue reading “Challenge in the Next Ten Years – Quantum Computing”
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Evaporation Pellets Used in Thermal Evaporation
Evaporation, or more specifically, Resistance Thermal Evaporation, involves the heating of the evaporation material within a vacuum environment. The materials used in vacuum evaporation are usually made into pellets, so they are also called evaporation pellets. These pellets are heated to a temperature above which the vapor pressure of the material exceeds that of theContinue reading “Evaporation Pellets Used in Thermal Evaporation”
Thermal Evaporation History Part Three (From Mid 1900s to Late 1900s)
E-beam Evaporation Development In 1949, Pierce described the “long-focus” electron beam gun for melting and evaporation in vacuum. The long focus gun suffers from shorting due to the deposition of evaporated material on the filament insulators that are in line-of-sight of the evaporating material. Deposition rates as high as 50 µm/s have been reported usingContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part Three (From Mid 1900s to Late 1900s)”
Thermal Evaporation History Part Two (From early 1900s to mid 1900s)
In 1912 von Pohl and Pringsheim reported forming films by evaporation materials in a vacuum from a magnesia crucible that was heated by a resistively heated foil surrounding the crucible. They are sometimes credited with the first deposition by thermal evaporation in vacuum. In 1913, Langmuir studied the vaporization rate of materials in vacuum andContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part Two (From early 1900s to mid 1900s)”
Thermal Evaporation History Part One (From late 1800s to early 1900s)
Thermal evaporation or vacuum evaporation is the vaporization of the evaporation material by heating to a certain temperature, so that the vapor pressure becomes appreciable, and the surface or molecules are lost from the surface in the vacuum. Vaporization can come from the surface of a liquid or from the surface of a solid. TheContinue reading “Thermal Evaporation History Part One (From late 1800s to early 1900s)”
Different Sizes and Shapes of Evaporation Materials
In physical vapor deposition coatings, sputtering targets and evaporation materials are two important types of raw materials. We can distinguish between the two materials by name and shape. First, the sputtering target is used for vacuum sputtering, and the evaporation material is used for vacuum evaporation. Secondly, the evaporating material is also called evaporation pelletsContinue reading “Different Sizes and Shapes of Evaporation Materials”
Vacuum Evaporation Coating 